الكشف عن مواد نفسانية التأثير من فئة الإيتوميدات في مسحوق مضبوط: التأكيد الجنائي لمادة مشتقة من المخدرات الوريدية

Dimić D. Emerging Novel Psychoactive Substances (2020–2025): GC-MS Approaches for Separation, Detection, and Characterization. Chemosensors. 2025 Dec 9;13(12):426–426. doi:10.3390/chemosensors13120426

Meyer M, Westenberg JN, Jang KL, Choi F, Schreiter S, Mathew N, et al. Shifting drug markets in North America - a global crisis in the making? International Journal of Mental Health Systems. BioMed Central; 2023. doi:10.1186/s13033-023-00601-x

UNODC: Synthetic Drugs in East_and Southeast Asia 2025. Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific.

Qian Z, Liu C, Huang J, Deng Q, Hua Z. Identification of the designer benzodiazepine 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (flualprazolam) in an anesthesia robbery case. Forensic Toxicology. 2019 Sep 30;38(1):269–76. doi:10.1007/s11419-019-00501-1

Brown K, Dennany L. Novel Detection Approaches to Tackle the Challenges of Complex Matrices for Alternative Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances. In: The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2021. p. 41–71. doi:10.1039/9781839160912-00041

Raines DE. Etomidate and Etomidate Analogues: Molecular Pharmacology and Behavioral Actions. In: Absalom AR, Mason KP, editors. Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Target Controlled Infusions: A Comprehensive Global Anthology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 209–19. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47609-4_12

Valk BI, Struys MMRF. Etomidate and its Analogs: A Review of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2021 Oct 1;60(10):1253–69. doi:10.1007/s40262-021-01038-6

Zhang X, Li Y, Liu J, Pan Z, Chen Y, Wang M, et al. Identification of two novel imidazole-derived GABA agonists butomidate and tf-etomidate in e-cigarette liquids. Forensic Toxicol. 2026 Jan 1;44(1):47–60. doi:10.1007/s11419-025-00732-5

Gao T, Jin M, Alibudbud R, Assanangkornchai S, Sun Y, Lu L. Etomidate misuse: a digital era threat to youth and a call for anticipatory control. 2025. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00267-6

Fan Y, Chen X, Wu H, Ke X, Chen H, Xu Y, et al. Leveraging mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns for accelerated screening and structural elucidation of new etomidate analogues in suspect samples. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2025 Jun 16;265:117023–117023. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117023

Increasing detections of etomidate and analogues on illicit drug markets is becoming a global concern [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Announcement/Details/8774c132-4b30-477c-9ceb-46ce384223fd

Wu W, Xia C, Gan L, Liao S, Yan Y. Etomidate-induced hypokalemia in electronic cigarette users: two case reports and literature review. Front Endocrinol. 2024 May 30;15. doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1321610

Lin CH, Lin CH. From benzodiazepine to etomidate: A risky novel psychoactive substance. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2024 Oct;66(10):981. doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_735_24

Bruni AT, Rodrigues CHP, Santos C dos, Castro JS, Mariotto LS, Sinhorini L. Analytical Challenges for Identification of New Psychoactive Substances: A Literature-Based Study for Seized Drugs. Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2021 Sep 29. doi:10.30744/brjac.2179-3425.rv-41-2021

Philp M, Fu S. A review of chemical ‘spot’ tests: A presumptive illicit drug identification technique. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2017 Sep 15;10(1):95–108. doi:10.1002/dta.2300

SWGDRUG: Recommendations of the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG). Version 8.2; 2024 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.swgdrug.org/

Laboratory and Scientific Section. Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 1994.

Color Test Reagents/Kits for Preliminary Identification of Drugs of Abuse, NIJ Standard-0604.01, National Institute of Justice. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justic; 2000.

Controlled Substances Procedures Manual. Virginia: Department of Forensic Science, Virginia; 2025.

Narcotics Manual. New Delhi: Directorate of Forensic Science, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India; 2024.

Smith BC. Infrared Spectral Interpretation: A Systematic Approach. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2018. 288 p. doi:10.1201/9780203750841

Coates J. Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach. In: Wiley Online Library Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory and Instrumentation. 2006. doi:10.1002/9780470027318.a5606

Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Vyvyan JR. Introduction to Spectroscopy. Cengage Learning; 2013.

Pejo E, Santer P, Jeffrey S, Gallin H, Husain SS, Raines DE. Analogues of Etomidate: Modifications Around Etomidate’s Chiral Carbon and the Impact on In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacology. Anesthesiology. 2014 Aug;121(2):290–301. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000268 PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4121658.

Fulmer GR, Miller AJM, Sherden NH, Gottlieb HE, Nudelman A, Stoltz BM, et al. NMR Chemical Shifts of Trace Impurities: Common Laboratory Solvents, Organics, and Gases in Deuterated Solvents Relevant to the Organometallic Chemist. Organometallics. 2010 May 10;29(9):2176–9. doi:10.1021/om100106e

Elyashberg M. Identification and structure elucidation by NMR spectroscopy. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2015;69:88–97. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.014.