التحديات البيئية والأمن القومي والاستجابات الإستراتيجية لدول الخليج العربي

Abdelkawy, N. A. (2024). Diversification and the resource curse: An econometric analysis of GCC countries. Economies, 12(11), Article 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12110287

Abdelraouf, M. (2024, October 20). Water issues in the GCC countries: Status, challenges, and solutions. Gulf Research Center. https://www.grc.net/single-commentary/196

Albannay, S., Kazama, S., Oguma, K., Hashimoto, T., & Takizawa, S. (2021). Water demand management based on water consumption data analysis in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Water, 13(20), 2827. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202827

Albannay, S., & Takizawa, S. (2022). Decoupling of water production and electricity generation from GDP and population in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Sustainability, 14(9), Article 5386. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095386

Alsayed, N., & Calabrese, J. (2025, July 1). The Gulf›s water crisis: Why cooperation is crucial — and complicated. Middle East Institute. https://mei.edu/publication/gulfs-water-crisis-why-cooperation-crucial-and-complicated/

Al Suwailem, M., & Aldayel, A. (2020, April 16). Crude oil reserves metrics of GCC members (Data Insight). King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center. https://www.kapsarc.org/our-offerings/publications/crude-oil-reserves-metrics-of-gcc-members/

Associated Press. (2022, August 24). Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East warming almost twice as fast as global average, report finds. PBS NewsHour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/eastern-mediterranean-middle-east-warming-almost-twice-as-fast-as-global-average-report-finds

Asif, M. (2016). Growth and sustainability trends in the buildings sector in the GCC region with particular reference to the KSA and UAE. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1267–1273.

Emirates News Agency. (2025, July 12). GCC-Stat: GCC population hits 61.2 million by end of 2024. https://www.wam.ae/en/article/15nxdyk-gcc-stat-gcc-population-hits-612-million-end-2024

Ezzeldin, K., Adshead, D., & Smith, P. (2023, January). Adapting to a new climate in the MENA region: An assessment of physical risk management and climate adaptation finance in the MENA region. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.uncclearn.org/wp-content/uploads/library/Adapting-to-a-new-climate-MENA.pdf

Fanack Water. (2024). GCC’s water security in the era of climate change. https://water.fanack.com/publications/gccs-water-security-in-the-era-of-climate-change/

Francis, D., Fonseca, R., Nelli, N., Cherif, C., & Yarragunta, Y. (2025). From cause to consequence: Examining the historic April 2024 rainstorm in the United Arab Emirates through the lens of climate change. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 8, 183. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01073-1

GCC-Stat. (2023). Population in the GCC 2023 [PDF]. Gulf Cooperation Council Statistical Center. https://gccstat.org/images/gccstat/docman/publications/Populatin_in_GCC_2023_1.pdf

Hakimdavar, R. (2024, January 18). Water is the new oil in the Gulf. TIME. https://time.com/6556469/water-new-oil-gulf/

Helal, B., Ali, M., Ali, T., Odeleye, I. P., Mortula, M., & Gawai, R. (2024). The impact of land use on water resources in the Gulf Cooperation Council region. Land, 13(7), Article 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13070925

Hereher, M. E. (2022). Climate change during the third millennium—The Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Sustainability, 14(21), 14181. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114181

Hijazi, J. (2024, August 20). Arab Gulf states double down mining efforts. MINING.COM. https://www.mining.com/arab-gulf-states-double-down-mining-efforts/

House, K. E. (2012). On Saudi Arabia: Its people, past, religion, fault lines and future. Knopf.

Husein, R. (2022, September 6). Necessity will drive Gulf states to cooperate on climate change. Middle East Council on Global Affairs. https://mecouncil.org/blog_posts/necessity-will-drive-gulf-states-to-cooperate-on-climate-change/

Islam, M. T. (2022, July 6). How does academic research complement mainstream COP in climate diplomacy. Higher Education Digest. https://www.highereducationdigest.com/how-does-academic-research-complement-mainstream-cop-in-climate-diplomacy/

Kane, F. (2025, January 13). Riyadh seeks to become ‘rule shaper, not rule taker’ in mining. AGBI. https://www.agbi.com/opinion/mining/2025/01/frank-kane-saudi-arabia-mining-future-minerals-forum/

Kelley, H., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M. A., Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (2015). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11), 3241–3246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222460110

Lahn, G., & Stevens, P. (2011). Burning oil to keep cool: The hidden energy crisis in Saudi Arabia. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy%2C%20Environment%20and%20Development/1211pr_lahn_stevens.pdf

Levy, M. A. (1995). Is the environment a national security issue? International Security, 20(2), 35–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539228

Masdar City. (n.d.). Sustainability and renewable energy projects. Retrieved December 2024, from https://masdar.ae/

O’Neil, P. (2004). Essentials of comparative politics. W. W. Norton & Company.

Offshore Energy. (2024). World’s largest green hydrogen plant construction reaches 80% completion. Retrieved December 2024, from https://www.offshore-energy.biz/worlds-largest-green-hydrogen-plant-construction-reaches-80-completion/

Qureshi, A. S. (2020). Challenges and prospects of using treated wastewater to manage water scarcity crises in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Water, 12(7), Article 1971. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071971

Raouf, M. A. (2008). Climate change: Threats, opportunities, and the GCC countries (Policy Brief No. 12). Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/climate-change-threats-opportunities-and-gcc-countries

Ross, M. L. (2012). The paradoxical wealth of nations. In The oil curse: How petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations (STU ed., pp. 1–26). Princeton University Press.

Reuters. (2024, September 24). Suez, Siemens and Abu Dhabi National Energy Company join up in desalination initiative. https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/suez-siemens-abu-dhabi-national-energy-company-join-up-desalination-initiative-2024-09-24/

Salahuddin, M., & Gow, J. (2014). Economic growth, energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Energy, 73, 44–58.

Saudi Gazette. (2024). Saudi population report update. https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/652197

Saudi Vision 2030. (n.d.). Environmental and economic transformation initiatives. Retrieved December 2024, from https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/

Saudi Vision 2030. (n.d.). Saudi Green Initiative. Retrieved December 2024, from https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/

Smart Water Magazine. (2023, April 18). Desalination-induced salinity increases are not a cause of concern in the Gulf. https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/nyu-abu-dhabi/desalination-induced-salinity-increases-are-not-cause-concern-gulf

Smart Water Magazine. (2024). Oman launches $62 million water infrastructure projects to boost regional supply. https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/oman-launches-62-million-water-infrastructure-projects-boost-regional

Statista. (2024). Population in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – Statistics & facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/5197/population-in-gcc/

Tabatabai, A. (2022, May 18). Climate change: Threats, opportunities, and GCC countries. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/climate-change-threats-opportunities-and-gcc-countries

Tariq, M. A. U. R., Alotaibi, R., Weththasinghe, K. K., & Rajabi, Z. (2022). A detailed perspective of water resource management in a dry and water scarce country: The case in Kuwait. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, Article 1073834. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1073834

UAE Government Portal. (n.d.). Noor Abu Dhabi. Retrieved December 2024, from https://noorabudhabi.ae/

United Nations. (n.d.). What is climate change? https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change

White House. (2015). The national security implications of changing climate [PDF]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/National_Security_Implications_of_Changing_Climate_Final_051915.pdf

Wood, T. (2023, March 2). Five climate challenges the Gulf states might not have time to solve. Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. https://agsi.org/analysis/five-climate-challenges-the-gulf-states-might-not-have-time-to-solve/

World Bank. (2023, November 22). Economic diversification efforts paying off in GCC region, but more reforms needed [Press release]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/22/economic-diversification-efforts-paying-off-in-gcc-region-but-more-reforms-needed

World Bank. (2024). Total population – Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait (indicator: SP.POP.TOTL) [Dataset]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL

World Health Organization. (2024). Saudi Arabia: Overall population over time [Dataset]. https://data.who.int/countries/682

World Travel & Tourism Council. (2024, June 10). Saudi Arabia’s travel & tourism breaks all records. https://wttc.org/news/saudi-arabias-travel-tourism-breaks-all-records